Chandipura Virus Guide: Symptoms, Transmission, Prevention & Treatment

In recent years, Chandipura virus (CHPV) has emerged as a significant encephalitic pathogen, causing outbreaks across various regions of India. Children under 15 years old are particularly vulnerable to natural infection.

The virus has become increasingly recognized for its impact on causing severe encephalitis in the Indian subcontinent, with documented outbreaks occurring in multiple locations throughout the country.

• Chandipura virus (CHPV) was discovered during a febrile outbreak in Nagpur, Maharashtra, India in 1965. It belongs to the genus Vesiculovirus, family Rhabdoviridae, with a single-stranded RNA genome.
• This virus codes for five structural proteins and is transmitted primarily by sandflies. It infects cells of both insects and vertebrate animals, demonstrating rapid replication and severe clinical outcomes such as high fever, vomiting, seizures, and fatal encephalitis.
• Although sporadic, CHPV outbreaks are concerning due to its potential severity and lack of routine screening in acute encephalitis syndrome (AES). Understanding its natural cycle, including potential animal hosts, is crucial for interventions and outbreak prediction in India.

Chandipura Virus Information

Chandipura Virus (CHPV) Outbreaks

In recent years, Chandipura virus outbreaks have been a serious concern in India:

• 2003: In Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra, 329 children tested positive for the virus, with 189 fatalities.
• 2009: 52 cases were reported, resulting in 15 deaths.
• 2010: 50 cases were confirmed, leading to 16 deaths, mostly affecting children under 14.
• 2010 (Gujarat): An outbreak in Kheda, Vadodara, and Panchmahal districts claimed 17 lives.
• 2014 and 2016: Sporadic cases were reported in Gujarat, including fatalities in Ahmedabad.
• 2019: A death was recorded in Bhayli village, Vadodara.
• 2024 (July): Suspected outbreak in Sabarkantha district, Gujarat, particularly affecting children, has raised significant public health concerns.

1. Chandipura Virus Symptom

• Fever: A high fever is often the first sign of Chandipura virus infection, typically starting suddenly and being quite intense.
• Headache: Severe headaches may accompany the fever, often described as throbbing or persistent.
• Encephalitis: This virus can cause inflammation of the brain, leading to confusion, drowsiness, or severe neurological symptoms.
• Vomiting: Patients may experience frequent vomiting, which can exacerbate dehydration and discomfort.
• Seizures: In more severe cases, convulsions or seizures might occur, indicating a serious level of infection.
• This table provides a clear overview of the most common clinical symptoms observed in Chandipura virus-infected individuals, along with their respective percentages.

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Chandipura Virus Cycle

• Chandipura virus (CHPV) predominantly circulates in central India, evidenced by neutralizing antibodies found in domestic animals like pigs, buffalos, cattle, goats, and sheep.
• Initial serological studies in Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra (Nagpur and Beed districts), and Karnataka (Bangalore) did not detect anti-CHPV IgM antibodies, suggesting sporadic virus activity.
• However, antibodies have been found in frogs, lizards, and rodents, indicating these animals may play a role in maintaining the virus.
• CHPV can cause outbreaks, with studies in Andhra Pradesh showing 81% of children having neutralizing antibodies. Research also examines bats' potential role in CHPV's natural cycle.

2. Chandipura Virus Spread & Transmission

• Mosquito Bites: The primary method of transmission is through mosquito bites, as mosquitoes carry and spread the virus.
• Animal Reservoirs: Wildlife, such as bats or rodents, may act as reservoirs for the virus, potentially contributing to its spread.
• Direct Contact: Transmission can also occur through direct contact with infected bodily fluids, though this is less common.
• Contaminated Water: In rare cases, the virus may spread through water sources contaminated with the virus.
• Environmental Factors: Standing water and poor sanitation can increase mosquito breeding sites, heightening the risk of virus transmission.

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3. Chandipura Virus Diagnosis & Tests

• Clinical Assessment: A thorough evaluation of symptoms such as fever and neurological signs helps in initial diagnosis.
• Laboratory Tests: Specific tests, including RT-PCR, are essential to confirm the presence of Chandipura virus.
• Virus Identification: Molecular diagnostics like CHPV-specific one-step RT-PCR detect virus presence in CSF and sera during acute illness phases, showing high specificity and sensitivity.
• Serological Analysis: Serological assays, such as IgM capture ELISA and micro-neutralization ELISA, detect antibodies effectively, crucial for serosurveillance and vaccine studies.
• Vaccines: Vaccine development remains a priority, leveraging genomic stability for broad protection against circulating strains.

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4. Chandipura Virus Treatments

• Supportive Care: Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms, such as managing fever and ensuring adequate hydration.
• Antiviral Medications: There are no specific antiviral drugs for Chandipura virus, but supportive antiviral therapies may be considered.
• Seizure Management: Medications may be prescribed to control seizures and prevent further neurological damage.
• Neurological Support: Monitoring and managing neurological symptoms are crucial, including potential therapies for brain inflammation.
• Hospitalization: In severe cases, hospitalization may be required to provide intensive care and manage complications effectively.

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5. Chandipura Virus Preventive Measures

• Mosquito Control: Implement measures to reduce mosquito populations, such as using insect repellents and eliminating standing water.
• Protective Clothing: Wear long-sleeved shirts and pants to minimize mosquito bites, especially in endemic areas.
• Vaccination: While there is no specific vaccine for Chandipura virus, staying informed about vaccines for related viruses may provide some level of protection.
• Improved Sanitation: Maintain clean environments and proper waste disposal to reduce mosquito breeding sites.
• Public Awareness: Educate communities about the risks and prevention strategies to reduce the incidence of Chandipura virus.

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Chandipura Virus Full Guide

Here are 5 steps a full guide on the Chandipura virus.

Summary

Check the Detailed 5 Steps Guide on Chandipura Virus to know its spread, symptoms, diagnosis, treatments, and prevention for the safety of your children.