Cancer Marker Tests

Positive results indicate the presence of hCG hormone, confirming pregnancy. The levels of hCG typically increase rapidly in early pregnancy.

• In cases of a suspected ectopic pregnancy or abnormal pregnancy, the hCG levels may be lower or rise at a slower rate.
• A negative result suggests the absence of detectable hCG hormone, indicating that pregnancy has not occurred or it is too early to detect.

The CA 15-3 test is a blood test used to measure the levels of a protein called cancer antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3) in the blood. It is primarily used as a tumor marker for breast cancer. The test is not diagnostic on its own but can be helpful in monitoring the progression of breast cancer or detecting a recurrence. Elevated CA 15-3 levels may indicate the presence of breast cancer, but it can also be elevated in other conditions such as liver disease, lung disease, or other types of cancer. Follow-up tests and imaging studies are typically required to confirm a diagnosis.

The CA 19-9 test is a blood test that measures the levels of a specific protein called CA 19-9. Elevated levels of CA 19-9 in the blood can indicate the presence of certain cancers, particularly pancreatic, liver, and gallbladder cancers. However, it's important to note that CA 19-9 levels can also be elevated in non-cancerous conditions, such as pancreatitis and liver disease. Therefore, the CA 19-9 test is not used as a definitive diagnostic tool for cancer but rather as a tumor marker that can aid in monitoring cancer progression and treatment response. Additional tests and diagnostic procedures are typically required to confirm a cancer diagnosis.

If alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels are elevated, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional for further evaluation. The appropriate course of action depends on the context and suspected underlying condition. Additional diagnostic tests, such as imaging studies (ultrasound, CT scan, MRI) or biopsies, may be recommended to investigate the cause of elevated AFP. The specific treatment or management plan will depend on the underlying condition diagnosed and may involve therapies such as surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or ongoing monitoring and surveillance.

The PAX8 test is a diagnostic test used to detect the presence of PAX8 protein in tissue samples. It helps identify various cancer types and plays a crucial role in cancer diagnosis.