Arham Surgical Hospital & Laser Centre for Laparoscopy & Gastroenterology

Cancer surgery, also called oncologic surgery, is a type of surgery that is used to diagnose, stage, and treat cancer. There are several types of cancer surgery, including:

1. Lumpectomy - a procedure that removes the tumor and a small margin of surrounding tissue from the breast.
2. Mastectomy - a procedure that removes the entire breast, including the nipple, areola, and some of the surrounding tissue.
3. Sentinel lymph node biopsy - a procedure that is used to determine whether cancer has spread to the lymph nodes in the area of the tumor.
4. Lymph node dissection - a procedure that removes lymph nodes from an area of the body that may contain cancer.
5. Prostatectomy - a procedure that removes all or part of the prostate gland.
6. Cystectomy - a procedure that removes all or part of the bladder.
7. Gastrectomy - a procedure that removes all or part of the stomach.
8. Colorectal surgery- a procedure that removes all or part of the colon or rectum.
9. Pancreaticoduodenectomy - a procedure that removes the head of the pancreas, the first part of the small intestine, and the bile duct.
10. Thoracic surgery - a procedure that removes tumors or diseased tissue from the chest, such as lung cancer or esophageal cancer.
11. Abdominoperineal resection - a procedure that removes the rectum, anus, and part of the sigmoid colon.

These are some examples of cancer surgeries, but there are many other types that may be used depending on the type and stage of cancer.

There are many types of minor surgery, which are generally considered to be less invasive procedures that do not require a large incision or a long recovery period. Some examples of minor surgery include:

1. Skin surgery: This includes procedures such as mole removal, cyst removal, and skin biopsies.
2. Endoscopy: These procedures involve the use of a thin, flexible tube with a camera and light on the end to examine the inside of the body, such as colonoscopy, bronchoscopy, and esophagoscopy.
3. Cataract surgery: This is a procedure to remove the cloudy lens of the eye and replace it with an artificial lens.
4. Vasectomy: This is a procedure for male sterilization.
5. Dilation and curettage (D&C): This procedure is done to diagnose and treat conditions such as abnormal bleeding or to remove tissue after a miscarriage.
6. Carpal Tunnel Release: This procedure is done to relieve pressure on the median nerve in the wrist, which can be caused by carpal tunnel syndrome.
7. Tonsillectomy: This procedure is done to remove the tonsils.
8. Laryngeal surgery: This procedure is done to correct issues such as vocal cord nodules, polyps, and other conditions.
9. Rhinoplasty: This procedure is done to reshape the nose.
10. Breast surgery: This type of surgery includes procedures like breast augmentation, breast reduction, and breast lift.

It's important to note that the term "minor surgery" can be relative and depends on the individual's perspective and what they are accustomed to. Some people may consider a procedure as minor, while others may consider it major, so it's best to speak with your doctor to understand what to expect from your surgery.

The level of pain associated with minor surgery can vary depending on the type of procedure and the individual's pain tolerance. In general, minor surgery is associated with less pain and discomfort compared to major surgery.

• During the procedure, the patient may be given a local anesthetic to numb the area, which will make them unable to feel pain.
• Some minor surgeries, such as endoscopies, may also be performed under sedation, which will make the patient drowsy and relaxed, but they will still be awake.
• After the surgery, pain and discomfort are typically mild and easily managed with over-the-counter pain medication.
• Most patients are able to return to normal activities within a few days to a week after the surgery.
• It's important to note that every patient's experience is different, some may have more pain than others, so it's best to speak with your doctor about what to expect in terms of pain and recovery time for your specific procedure.

The classification of minor surgery can vary depending on the surgical procedure, the location of the procedure, and the individual's perspective. In general, minor surgery refers to procedures that are less invasive, do not require a large incision, and have a shorter recovery period compared to major surgery.

Some examples of minor surgeries include:

• Skin surgery: mole and cyst removal, skin biopsies
• Endoscopy: colonoscopy, bronchoscopy, esophagoscopy
• Cataract surgery
• Vasectomy
• Dilation and curettage (D&C)
• Carpal Tunnel Release
• Tonsillectomy
• Laryngeal surgery
• Rhinoplasty
• Breast surgery such as breast augmentation, reduction, or lift

It's important to note that some procedures that may be considered minor, such as mole removal, may not be considered minor for others, such as cancer patients.

Also, some procedures that are considered minor in one context, such as endoscopy, may not be considered minor in another context, such as endoscopic surgery. Therefore, it's best to speak with your doctor to understand what to expect from your specific surgery.

Vaccination is the administration of a vaccine to help the immune system develop protection from disease.

• Vaccines contain a small, harmless piece of the virus or bacteria that causes the disease.
• This piece is called an antigen. When a vaccine is given, the immune system recognizes the antigen as foreign and develops immunity to it.
• This process helps to protect the individual from future infection or disease caused by the actual virus or bacteria.

The recommended vaccination schedule varies depending on the country and the vaccine. In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends a schedule of vaccinations for infants, children, teens, and adults.

For infants, the recommended vaccines include:

• Hepatitis B (HepB) at birth
• Rotavirus (RV) at 2 and 4 months
• Diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (DTaP) at 2, 4, and 6 months
• Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) at 2, 4, and 6 months
• Pneumococcal (PCV) at 2, 4, and 6 months
• Inactivated poliovirus (IPV) at 2 and 4 months and a booster at 4-6 years
• Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) at 12-15 months
• Varicella (chickenpox) at 12-15 months

For children, the recommended vaccines include:

• Flu (annually) starting at 6 months
• HPV at 11 or 12 years
• Meningococcal at 11 or 12 years
• Booster doses of DTaP, IPV, MMR, and chickenpox between ages 4 and 6

For teens and adults, the recommended vaccines include:

• Flu (annually)
• Tdap (tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis) every 10 years
• HPV for both males and females
• Meningococcal for certain high-risk individuals
• Shingles for adults 60 years and older

It's worth noting that these are general recommendations and the specific schedule for an individual may vary depending on their health status, medical history, and other factors. It's always best to consult with a healthcare professional for personalized recommendations.

The specific vaccines that you should get will depend on your age, health status, occupation, travel plans, and other factors. It is best to consult with a healthcare professional for personalized recommendations.

• However, generally speaking, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that all adults should get the flu vaccine every year, as well as the Tdap (tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis) vaccine every 10 years.
• Other vaccines that may be recommended for adults include the HPV vaccine, the shingles vaccine, and the pneumonia vaccine.
• Additionally, if you are planning to travel internationally, you may need additional vaccinations depending on the destination country and your itinerary.
• For example, if you are traveling to a country where yellow fever is present, you may need to get the yellow fever vaccine.

Again, it's always best to consult with a healthcare professional for personalized recommendations. They can also inform you about any potential side effects and allergies you may have before administering any vaccine.